ROME, ITALY – The enduring visual language of romantic love, encompassing imagery from red roses to winged cherubs, traces its origins back centuries to the complex iconography and enduring legends surrounding Saint Valentine. Originally a collection of symbols representing religious devotion and martyrdom, these motifs have evolved across continents and cultures, providing florists and artists with a rich historical tapestry for contemporary expressions of affection.
The foundational narrative involves one or several early Christian martyrs named Valentine, believed to have perished around 269 CE in Rome. While historical details remain sparse, the most prevalent legend centers on a priest or bishop who defied Emperor Claudius II’s edict banning marriage for soldiers. By secretly joining young couples in matrimony, Valentine established a theme of forbidden love and sacrifice that permeates his visual representations. This convergence of faith, defiant romance, and medieval courtly traditions cemented February 14th as a date inextricably linked to tender devotion.
Decoding the Core Symbols of Romantic Imagery
The visual lexicon associated with Saint Valentine is multifaceted, blending Christian devotion with classical mythology and springtime folklore.
Roses in Focus: The rose remains the paramount symbol of Valentine’s Day. Across religious altarpieces and modern greeting cards, the flower communicates varying degrees of affection. Red roses universally signify passionate love and profound romantic attachment, while white roses historically represented purity, spiritual love, and martyrdom—a nod to the saint’s sacrifice.
The Enduring Heart: The stylized heart shape, a universal emblem of compassion and emotion, gained popularity in European art during the late medieval period. Its close association with Valentine and romantic sentiment was solidified during the 18th and 19th centuries through popular print media and sentimental jewelry.
Birds and Fidelity: Motifs of doves and lovebirds symbolize peace and fidelity, drawing on the medieval European belief that birds’ mating season coincided with the arrival of spring. These creatures frequently feature in courtly love imagery and later Victorian-era cards, embodying romantic partnership.
Mythological Influence: Winged figures like Cupid and cherubs trace their lineage to Roman and Greek mythology. These angelic forms, often depicted with bows and arrows, represent divine or fated love, blending classical aesthetics with the spiritual undertones of Christian-inspired celebrations, especially prominent in Baroque and Rococo art.
Finally, less common but historically significant symbols include palm fronds, representing martyrdom and spiritual victory, and scrolls or letters, symbolizing clandestine communication and written declarations of love, inspired by the saint’s reputed habit of sending messages to those he blessed.
Global Evolution of Valentine Iconography
The visual interpretation of Saint Valentine has varied significantly by region. In Renaissance Italy, altarpieces often showed the saint—a priest or bishop—blessing couples, emphasizing the sacredness of marriage. French artistry, however, merged this religious symbolism with chivalric ideals, prominently featuring hearts, birds, and roses in illuminated manuscripts.
The most profound shift occurred in the United Kingdom and the United States during the Victorian era. The advent of mass-produced cards replaced direct depictions of the saint with a focus on popular, sentimental motifs: cherubs, exaggerated hearts, and flowers. Today, in regions like Japan and South Korea, contemporary Valentine’s imagery heavily leans into this Western commercial aesthetic, prioritizing whimsical depictions of Cupid, flowers, and chocolates over the historical figure.
For florists and designers, understanding these symbols offers an opportunity to enrich the gift-giving experience. Incorporating specific elements—pairing red roses with an artistic rendering of a scroll, for example—can transform a simple arrangement into a storytelling artifact that connects contemporary gestures of affection with centuries of tradition, deepening the emotional resonance of the holiday. The continued resonance of Valentine’s iconography confirms that enduring human themes of love, devotion, and sacrifice remain timeless, regardless of cultural context.